Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) encompass bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections transmitted through sexual contact. These infections are usually spread during vaginal, oral, or anal sexual activities. While some STIs progress without showing any symptoms, others can cause symptoms such as itching, pain, discharge, burning sensations, and sores in the genital area. Asymptomatic carriers may unknowingly transmit the infection to others, facilitating the spread of STIs.
Prevalence of STIs
Globally, over one million people acquire an STI every day. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 400 million people are infected annually with diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, or trichomoniasis. The prevalence of STIs not only significantly impacts individual health but also poses serious challenges to public health systems. In developing countries, STIs represent a major public health threat.
How Are STIs Transmitted?
The primary mode of STI transmission is unprotected sexual intercourse. However, there are other transmission routes as well. STIs can be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth. Blood transfusions, contact with infected blood through open wounds, and the use of unsterilized surgical instruments also increase transmission risk. Poor hygiene during personal care routines such as manicures or pedicures, or the shared use of items like razors, can also result in indirect transmission.
Symptoms of STIs
The symptoms of STIs vary depending on the type of infection and an individual’s immune system. Women are more likely to have mild or no symptoms, which can delay the diagnosis. Symptoms include:
- Bacterial infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhea often present within days as vaginal or penile discharge and burning during urination.
- Viral infections like hepatitis B may take weeks or months to show symptoms such as jaundice, abdominal pain, and fatigue.
- Infections such as syphilis and HIV may take months or even years to cause severe symptoms.
- Some infections manifest as skin rashes, genital warts, or ulcers.
Who Is at Risk?
Several factors increase the risk of STIs. Individuals engaging in unprotected sexual activities, having multiple partners, and not undergoing regular medical check-ups are at the highest risk. Additional risk factors include a lack of sexual education, early initiation of sexual activity, and not knowing a partner’s health status. Research shows that individuals aged 15–49 are at higher risk due to their sexual activity. Behaviors like alcohol and drug use may also hinder protective measures, raising the likelihood of infection.
Ways to Prevent STIs
Preventing STIs involves measures at both individual and societal levels: - Condom use is one of the most effective methods of prevention. Proper and consistent use significantly reduces the risk of transmission.
- Monogamy minimizes exposure by fostering familiarity with a partner’s health.
- Vaccinations against hepatitis B and HPV (human papillomavirus) provide protective measures.
- Routine medical check-ups enable early detection and prompt treatment of infections. It is recommended that sexually active individuals undergo regular health screenings.
- Comprehensive sexual education programs raise awareness about STIs and promote prevention strategies.
Social and Economic Burden of STIs
The impact of STIs extends beyond physical health issues. These diseases can lead to social stigmatization, discrimination, and isolation. Women are particularly vulnerable to social pressures and discrimination related to STIs. Untreated cases can result in serious complications such as infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and cervical cancer. Furthermore, the cost of treating STIs imposes a substantial burden on healthcare systems. Expanding early diagnosis and treatment services can alleviate this burden.
Strategies for Addressing STIs
Managing STIs requires a comprehensive public health strategy: - Educational campaigns should raise awareness about transmission methods, prevention, and the importance of early diagnosis.
- Mandatory sexual health education programs for young people in schools should focus on body awareness and personal responsibility.
- Expanding early diagnosis and treatment services helps interrupt the transmission chain and manage infections before complications arise.
- Enhancing access to healthcare and developing targeted health programs for disadvantaged communities are critical steps in controlling STIs.
References - Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health. “Guide to Sexually Transmitted Infections”
- World Health Organization (WHO). “Sexually Transmitted Infections Fact Sheet”
- Taşova, Y. “Sexually Transmitted Infections.” Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine